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The village outwardly looked much calmer city. In the period of the world The war in the territory of Oryol Province was not agrarian unrest. Affected by the departure to the front of the most active part of the male population, relatively good yields of the war years, suspension in the spring of 1915 Stolypin agrarian reform.

When describing the pre-revolutionary period, very serious attention given to the strike movement. It is rightly considered an indicator. degree of social crisis experienced by society, depth and breadth development of the revolutionary consciousness of the masses that in the war may have a decisive influence on the fate of the whole country. In this context economic strikes seem “less valuable”, but they serve indicator of the severity of the current economic situation.

All cases of workers’ performances that were in the Oryol province in the years World War II, had an economic basis. Some of them were caused lack of specific food products, others general workers’ dissatisfaction with their financial situation. These cases concentrated on the enterprises Maltsevskogo joint stock company located in the Bryansk district. The main actors in such the situation turned out to be workers and the administration of the joint stock company, from action strategies which depended on the state of the working question.

Everywhere in factories and factories of the joint stock company practiced selling coupons from factory stores and rations shops food and essential goods for workers cheap prices44. Violation of this which was of great importance for trade workers became the main cause of discontent workers in the first period of the war. Lack or shortage of products in factory shops forced them to demand a pay rise for in order to be able to acquire everything you need on the market. In the second half of 1914 among the workers of the Bryansk district a hot-patriotic feeling prevailed, expressed not only on in words, and not even in donations, 45 but in the awareness of the state the importance of their work and a certain responsibility that imposes on them this importance. Execution of orders was put at the forefront, disputes with administration, the struggle to improve their situation, were postponed until the end of the country’s extreme period, i.e. until the end of the war. Before the end of 1914, there was not a single strike (the last time Bryansk the factory was on strike July 12-14, 1914)  And subsequently, when living conditions forced the Bryansk workers to look for ways to improve them, work on defense continued to be considered of paramount importance and served for working argument in asserting their demands. The workers believed that it is in the interests of the state to meet them and create the most favorable conditions for their work. Sending into the army was not perceived as punitive measure, punishment for disobedience and violation of order. Call

It was a natural consequence of the termination of the delay in connection with dismissal from the factory, and, like among other mass categories of the population, considered an inevitable necessity.

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Over time, the workers’ attitudes became less and less loyal. existing regime, and the issuance of proclamations has ceased to seem so reprehensible deed. This position is confirmed by the fact that 1916 the police did not find the slightest trace of the manufacturers and distributors proclamations that were most likely in the village Bezhitsa. Moreover, only single copies fell into the hands of the police. proclamations that undoubtedly multiplied using hectograph in a fairly large number. Obviously, the main part Circulation remained in the hands of workers.

 Given the repeated release proclamations, all this would be impossible with a uniquely negative attitudes of the working environment towards persons conducting underground activities. It should be noted that after the decline of the wave of uncritical patriotism among Bryansk workers continued to exist quite a clear hierarchy interests. National goals, above all the victory over the enemy, had

In the same place, l.19. Interrogation report of the Bryansk district police officer. 03.12. 1916 41 Ibid, op.244, d.9, p.54-g, l.9. Submission of the Head of the OGUU to the Police Department. 19.09. 1914 in the eyes of the workers, a distinct advantage over the protection of their own economic interests, which was postponed until the end of the war.

Closer with the problem of protecting the economic interests of workers another revolutionary group that existed in Bezhitsa came into contact. In the working environment, the most active individuals, determined to fight to defend their economic interests. The police called them “the group organized workers which united around the literary circle under the Sobriety Society of the Bryansk plant. It is the members of this group. were representatives from the workers in negotiations with the factory administration during the strike in April-May 1916, which gave the police grounds attributed to the “Group of Organized Workers” the leadership of the strike. 9 a person from the group was arrested43. Based on the above, the revolutionary movement in provinces during the war can be estimated very modestly. His main feature there was a fragmentation. One group did underground work, another issued proclamations, the third led the strike. All these groups are not intersected with each other, were few. They had to work in a hostile philistine environment that retained loyalty existing system and it was expected from him effective measures to improve their position. Mass consciousness did not perceive existing social and political orders as unequivocally unfair, not sharing opinions about the need for their fundamental change. A limited circle of young revolution Oryol with all his wish could not turn the tide. Participants as Oryol and Bezhetsk group did not even have solid ideological attitudes. Perhaps the fact of their own antigovernment activity, “political unreliability”.

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The following year, hectographized proclamations, signed by a “group of communist anarchists  appeared on January 5, March 17, and September 14. All of them fell into the hands of the police in one or two copies and had anti-war and anti-imperialist content. Despite the use of undercover information and searches, the perpetrators of the production and in the same place, l. distribution of proclamations were never found. Analyzing this information, the Police Department concluded that there was an anarchist-communist organization in the Bryansk district, about which the gendarmerie has no information36. The Gendarme Office recognized that the observation and collection of undercover data on the activities of the group did not produce results, but noted that its composition was known to the police. According to the gendarme detective, there was no organized group of anarchist communists in, but there were only individuals who kept in touch with each other.

Those who arrived in from exile led an energetic activity to unite them, having established contact with Petersburg anarchists37. By September 1916, 9 persons of anarchist convictions remained in: one clerk of the plant’s administration, seven workers of the Bryansk plant and one worker of the car-building plant. Eleven people by that time were called up to the troops, two left to Moscow, two more to Petersburg, and three to Kharkov38. Thus, the originally anarchist group in Bezhitsa numbered up to 30 people. The origin of the proclamations from the military organization of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, according to the police, was a local Socialist-Revolutionary organization. Its center was located in the town of, Chernigov Province, located 75 versts from Bryansk and connected to it by the Railway.

There the organization of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, which had close ties with Bryansk and, developed and strengthened. When the Bryansk plant SR organization consisted of 24 people. In addition, the Bryansk and Social Revolutionaries had a direct connection with St. Petersburg39. 36 Ibid, l.2. Attitude of the Police Department to the Head of OGU. 13.05. 1916 37 GARF, f.102, OO, op.244, d.12, p.54-B, l.2. Report for July 1914 on the local organization of anarchist communists. 38 GARF, f.102, OO, op.246, d.12, p.54-G, l.5. Report of the Head of OGUU to the Police Department. 24.08. 1916 39 GARF, f.102, OO, op.244, d.9, p.54-B, l.3. Agent statement. Information on the party of socialist revolutionaries. 24.11. 1913 GARF, f.102, OO, op.245, d.9, p.54-B, l.16. Information from the assistant chief of the OGZhU in Bryansk and Karachevsky counties. 219 It is noteworthy that the proclamations emanating from the SR and anarchist organizations were made in an identical way and had approximately the same anti-war, anti-imperialist and anti-government content. Based on this, it can be assumed that the two groups operating in the same village were interconnected.

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Thus, during the war, anti-government proclamations Appeared at the Bryansk plant approximately quarterly. Search Mysterious elusive groups of Social Revolutionaries and anarchists was one of the main cares of the gendarmerie police of the Bryansk district and undoubtedly became noticeable fact of local public life. This circumstance was used in self-interest of one of the representatives of the agents. In October 1916 in the hands of the police hit two typed proclamations, signed by the League of Equal Communist Anarchists. Turned on himself attention is their pompous style, fiction mystery and threatening tone, the use of digital cipher.

 It allowed The police department concludes that the proclamations rigged. As a result of a special investigation, found that the proclamations were received by the bailiff of the city of Bryansk from there is no one Klyagin who expressed a desire to become an informant for the Gendarme control in exchange for his device at the Bryansk plant with obtaining armor from the call. Klyagin knew the underworld well before the war supplied the police with criminal records, in most cases cases wrong for the sake of reward. He himself, his wife and sister-in-law livelihood mined theft. Making fake Klyagin wanted to give more weight to his services40. The appearance of proclamations originally produced on workers unfavorable impression. In a patriotic setting, it

40 Ibid, l.7. Submission of the Head of the OGUU to the Police Department. 04.11. 1916

Ibid, l.16 Attitude of the Police Department to the Head of OGUJ. 05.12. 1916

In the same place, l. Report of the assistant chief of the OGUU in Bryansk and Karachev counties. December 4, 1916 perceived as a phenomenon emanating from forces hostile to the Russian statehood and on this basis was not assessed as actions aimed at protecting the interests of workers, but as an act of subversion.

Thus, the appearance of the first proclamation on July 27, 1914 provoked a protest with the parties of the Bezhetsk organization of the SR party41. Similar moods persisted for quite a long time. More than a year appearance on The plant of proclamations continued to explain the intrigues of the enemy. Between themselves the craftsmen said that when the Russians were victorious, no one would scatter proclamations, and when the Germans were driven from Russia, German proclamations. In Raditz, the famous old Social Democrat, a former worker leader during the 1905 revolution, told the workers that these proclamations “Released beyond our desire, by the Germans or their minions. At present, Russia is already suffering from the dominance of the Germans, who want it completely enslaved.

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The following year, hectographized proclamations, signed by a “group of communist anarchists  appeared on January 5, March 17, and September 14. All of them fell into the hands of the police in one or two copies and had anti-war and anti-imperialist content. Despite the use of undercover information and searches, the perpetrators of the production and in the same place, l. distribution of proclamations were never found. Analyzing this information, the Police Department concluded that there was an anarchist-communist organization in the Bryansk district, about which the gendarmerie has no information36. The Gendarme Office recognized that the observation and collection of undercover data on the activities of the group did not produce results, but noted that its composition was known to the police. According to the gendarme detective, there was no organized group of anarchist communists in, but there were only individuals who kept in touch with each other.

Those who arrived in from exile led an energetic activity to unite them, having established contact with Petersburg anarchists37. By September 1916, 9 persons of anarchist convictions remained in: one clerk of the plant’s administration, seven workers of the Bryansk plant and one worker of the car-building plant. Eleven people by that time were called up to the troops, two left to Moscow, two more to Petersburg, and three to Kharkov38. Thus, the originally anarchist group in Bezhitsa numbered up to 30 people. The origin of the proclamations from the military organization of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, according to the police, was a local Socialist-Revolutionary organization. Its center was located in the town of, Chernigov Province, located 75 versts from Bryansk and connected to it by the Railway.

There the organization of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, which had close ties with Bryansk and, developed and strengthened. When the Bryansk plant SR organization consisted of 24 people. In addition, the Bryansk and Social Revolutionaries had a direct connection with St. Petersburg39. 36 Ibid, l.2. Attitude of the Police Department to the Head of OGU. 13.05. 1916 37 GARF, f.102, OO, op.244, d.12, p.54-B, l.2. Report for July 1914 on the local organization of anarchist communists. 38 GARF, f.102, OO, op.246, d.12, p.54-G, l.5. Report of the Head of OGUU to the Police Department. 24.08. 1916 39 GARF, f.102, OO, op.244, d.9, p.54-B, l.3. Agent statement. Information on the party of socialist revolutionaries. 24.11. 1913 GARF, f.102, OO, op.245, d.9, p.54-B, l.16. Information from the assistant chief of the OGZhU in Bryansk and Karachevsky counties. 219 It is noteworthy that the proclamations emanating from the SR and anarchist organizations were made in an identical way and had approximately the same anti-war, anti-imperialist and anti-government content. Based on this, it can be assumed that the two groups operating in the same village were interconnected.